生态

SWMM allows engineers and planners to represent combinations of green infrastructure practices to determine their effectiveness in managing runoff. Although some of these practices can also provide significant pollutant reduction benefits, at this time, SWMM only models the reduction in runoff mass load resulting from the reduction in runoff flow volume. SWMM can explicitly model eight different generic green infrastructure practices.
SWMM允许工程师和规划师创造各种绿色基础设施实践的组合，帮助他们提高雨水径流管理的效率。虽然有的基础设施也提供必要的污染物去除效益，但更多时候SWMM只用于水量方面的模拟，即对减少径流体积的径流质量负荷进行模拟。SWMM明确地提供了八种绿色基础设施做法。

Rain Gardens. A depressed area in the landscape, planted with grasses, flowers, and other plants, that collects rain water from a roof, driveway, or street and allows it to infiltrate into the ground. Rain gardens can also help filter out pollutants in runoff and provide food and shelter for butterflies, song birds and other wildlife. More complex rain gardens with drainage systems and amended soils are often referred to as bioretention cells.
雨水花园：一种位于景观绿地中，表面铺满草皮、栽满鲜花或种植其他植物，能收集来自屋面和道路的雨水，并允许雨水下渗至地下的下沉状区域。不但能起来过滤雨水径流中的污染物，而且还能为蝴蝶、蜜蜂等昆虫提供食物和庇护所。通常配有排水系统和改良土壤的复杂雨水花园称为复杂式生物滞留设施。

Bioretention Cells (or Bioswales). Depressions that contain vegetation grown in an engineered soil mixture placed above a gravel drainage bed which slow, infiltrate, and filter runoff. They provide storage, infiltration, and evaporation of both direct rainfall and runoff captured from surrounding areas. As linear features, bioretention cells are particularly well suited to being placed along streets and parking lots.
生物滞留设施（或生物洼地）：上部设有植物生长所需的工程土壤，底部敷设砂砾石排水床，能将雨水径流流速减缓、下渗和过滤的下凹区域。具有雨水蓄存、下渗和蒸发以及收集周边区域径流的功能。作为具有线性型特征的设施，非常适合布置在沿街道或停车场的周边绿地内。

Vegetative Swales. Channels or depressed areas with sloping sides covered with grass and other vegetation. They slow down the conveyance of collected runoff and allow it more time to infiltrate the native soil beneath it.
植草沟：表面覆盖草皮或其他植物，两边有斜坡，呈渠状或下沉的区域。能够减缓所收集雨水径流的流速并提供充足的时间，将捕获的雨水下渗至天然土壤中。

Infiltration Trenches. Narrow ditches filled with gravel that intercept runoff from upslope impervious areas. They provide storage volume and additional time for captured runoff to infiltrate the native soil below.
渗渠：能够截留周边不透水面产生的雨水径流的人工填充砂砾渠。为雨水提供蓄存体积并提供充足的时间，将捕获的雨水下渗至天然土壤中。

Green Roofs. A variation of a bioretention cell, green roofs have a soil layer laying atop a special drainage mat material that conveys excess percolated rainfall off of the roof. They contain vegetation that enable rainfall infiltration and evapotranspiration of stored water. Green roofs are particularly cost-effective in dense urban areas where land values are high and on large industrial or office buildings where stormwater management costs are likely to be high.
绿色屋面：生物滞留设施的一种变化形式。绿色屋面的土壤层敷设在特殊排水垫层材料上，这种排水垫层层材料能够转输屋面中过量下渗的降雨。绿色屋面中的种植的植物能够使降雨下渗和蒸散储存的雨水。在一些雨水管理成本较高的地方，例如地价高、大型工业区或办公楼等城市密集区建设绿色屋面是特别节省成本的。

Rooftop (Downspout) Disconnection. This practice allows rooftop rainwater to discharge to pervious landscaped areas and lawns instead of directly into storm drains. You can use it to store stormwater and/or allow stormwater to infiltrate into the soil. Downspout disconnection could be especially beneficial to cities with combined sewer systems. SWMM can also model roofs with directly connected drains that overflow onto pervious areas.
屋面（雨落管）断接：这种做法取代了直接将雨水排入雨水管道，而是运行屋面雨水排放到透水景观区域和绿地。可以采用这种做法储存雨水和（或者）将雨水下渗到土壤中。在城市的合流制排水系统中使用雨落管断接做法特别有益。SWMM软件能够模拟通过直接连接排水管将溢流雨水排入透水区域的屋面。

Rain Barrels or Cisterns (Rainwater Harvesting). Containers that collect roof runoff during storm events and can either release or re-use the rainwater during dry periods. Cisterns may be located above or below ground and have a greater storage capacity than a rain barrel.
雨水桶或蓄水池（雨水利用）：一种下雨时收集雨水和在干旱时释放雨水或重复利用雨水的容器。蓄水池的容量比雨水桶还要大，可以安装在地面上或埋设在地下。

Continuous Permeable Pavement Systems. Excavated areas filled with gravel that are paved over with a porous concrete or asphalt mix. Normally, rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer below where it can infiltrate at natural rates into the site’s native soil. Block Paver systems consist of impervious paver blocks placed on a sand or pea gravel bed with a gravel storage layer below. Rainfall is captured in the open spaces between the blocks and conveyed to the storage zone and native soil below.
连续透水铺装系统：由多孔混凝土砖或多孔沥青混合材料敷设的开挖区域。正常情况下，雨水会很快通过铺砖孔隙进入下部土层，然后在天然渗透速率下渗入场地的天然土壤中。块状铺装系统由铺设在砂或细砂砾石层上的，下面有砾石储存层的不透水铺砖组成。雨水在透水铺装之间的空地上被捕获，然后储存在铺装的孔隙中或进入铺装下部的天然土壤中。